Offspring of mothers with a higher pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) have been found to not only be fatter, but to have more fat deposits in the liver. The researchers from Imperial College London published their findings in September’s issue of the journalPediatric Research.

ScienceDaily reports:

The research team used magnetic resonance scanning to assess 105 babies born at Chelsea and Westminster Hospital. The babies were scanned while they were asleep to measure the amount of fat in their liver cells, the total amount of fat in their bodies and its distribution. They found that liver cell fat in the babies and total fat, particularly around the abdomen, increased across the entire range of BMI in their mothers.

Children of overweight and obese mothers are already known to have a higher risk of being overweight and obese themselves, and of experiencing associated metabolic health problems such as type-2 diabetes. The authors of this new study suggest that the changes they found in babies’ bodies might be signs of the first biological changes which, combined with an unhealthy lifestyle, might put babies of overweight mothers on a path to ill health in later life.

Professor Neena Modi, from the Department of Medicine at Imperial College London and a Consultant Neonatologist at Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, who led the study, said: “This study demonstrates that a woman’s BMI, even in the normal range, affects the amount of fat in her baby at birth. Fatter women have fatter babies and there is more fat in the babies livers. If these effects persist through childhood and beyond, they could put the child at risk of lifelong metabolic health problems.

“There is growing evidence that a baby’s development before birth has a major impact on their health in later life. This means that the prevention of obesity needs to begin in the womb.

If an individual’s body mass index isn’t a purely personal matter, what is? We have the right to choose between healthy food or junk food, even if the latter is more likely to result in obesity and related health problems. But once our choices affect others, there’s a natural conflict between individual freedom and social responsibility. In a nation where rising healthcare costs and diminished access to medical care are issues of grave concern, personal decisions are no longer strictly private. The treatment of obesity- and smoking-related disease is tremendously expensive, which in turns drives up health insurance premiums for everyone, as well as raising the costs for Medicaid, Medicare and health coverage for public employees.

These legitimate concerns have resulted in a raft of nanny-state proposals to shape the public’s dietary habits by taxing this food or that drink or by outlawing free toys that accompany unhealthy children’s meals at some restaurants. Such proposals raise inevitable questions of fairness and effectiveness. Does it make sense to tax a can of soda but not a fruit juice that contains more calories per cup and very little additional nutrition? Would a vitamin-fortified soda be exempt from the tax? And it’s hard to figure out whether the bigger obesity culprit is a small order of fried chicken at a fast-foot outlet or a giant slab of prime rib at a pricey restaurant. Or, as many dietitians now think, maybe it’s the carbs; has the time come for a public pasta tax? In any case, there is much uncertainty about whether such tactics would have any effect on the country’s collective bulging belly.

We prefer the approach most recently proposed in Arizona, where officials hope to levy a $50 annual fee on some Medicaid patients who don’t take steps to improve their health. It is vague at this point how the proposal would work, who would be liable for the fee and under what circumstances; but some examples mentioned are obese patients who fail to follow their doctors’ plans for losing weight, smokers who shun programs to help them quit the habit or certain diabetespatients who ignore medical advice on lifestyle changes that would improve their lab results.

News reports have cast the Arizona fees as a way to bring in more money for the state’s Medicaid program, which might then be able to afford to reinstitute coverage for organ transplants for poor people. Even if that were the point — and it’s not — there’s no way the state would save money in the short term with what some are calling a “fat tax.” Administrative expenses alone would be higher than the $50 fee; the state would have to figure out which Medicaid recipients were affected, oversee progress and deal with appeals. In addition, the state would pay for at least some level of treatment, such as smoking-cessation programs or regular doctor visits for diet check-ins and advice. Instead, the program is expected to help Arizona’s bottom line over time, by reducing healthcare costs for those patients.

Private companies already are trying similar strategies, with financial incentives for employees who make the kinds of smart decisions that are associated with better health. Safeway, for instance, offers significant discounts on health insurance premiums to employees who don’t smoke and who maintain healthy weight, blood-pressure and cholesterol levels. The company reported that its per-person healthcare costs remained flat for four years during which such costs rose 38% for most companies.

For several years, Alabama has levied a health insurance surcharge on state employees who smoke or are obese and who fail to seek help for these conditions. Several other states have approved similar policies.

Of course, carrots — by which we mean incentives for healthier behavior, not the beta carotene-rich vegetables — are more popular with the public than sticks such as surcharges. But those terms lose some of their meaning when it comes to healthcare, with its rapidly rising costs. Whether it’s a surcharge or an incentive makes no difference — people who lead healthier lifestyles pay less, while the higher costs associated with obesity, smoking and a life on the couch are assumed by those who generate them.

The bigger issue is whether far-reaching government policies can be implemented in ways that are fair and effective. About 10% of the obese population cannot reasonably lose weight through ordinary means because of special medical problems; they would need exemptions. And though Arizona’s medical insurance for the poor proposes to cover visits to the doctor for weight loss, chances are it won’t do much to make sure those patients have access to affordable, healthy food. Low-income neighborhoods often lack farmers markets or even standard supermarkets; instead, they have an excess of cheap fast-food joints. Similarly, we can’t expect children to get the exercise they need when they live in gang-infested neighborhoods too dangerous for outdoor play.

It’s also unclear whether a $50 fee, even if it is imposed on the poorest residents, would change anyone’s behavior. People who can afford a smoking habit are unlikely to be persuaded to quit by the prospect of saving less than the price of 10 packs.

There’s the inevitable complaint that some smokers and overeaters live long and healthy lives and yet would have to pay the surcharge. That’s true enough, but the statistics are against them, and that should be reflected in insurance costs. Smoking and obesity greatly increase the risk of chronic and life-threatening health problems that in many cases are preventable, including stroke, cancer, heart disease and diabetes. It makes sense to tie higher preventable risk to higher premiums. Not all rock climbers have serious accidents, either, but they still pay more for life insurance, when they can find it.

This approach is far more appealing than taxing soda and is more likely to improve America’s health. It provides a direct link between unhealthy ways of living and the consequences. Americans need information, through labeling, nutrition education and medical advice, to make smart diet decisions. Then they should be free to eat what they want — as long as they bear the cost of their personal choices.

Editor’s note: Natural Society does not support the idea of a fat tax, and instead encourages organizations to educate obese individuals as to how they can improve themselves through natural lifestyle changes.